What Is Auto Tune Mean

A tuned BMW E36 Drift Car by JOZ Garage

Car tuning is the modification of a car to optimise it for a different set of performance requirements from those it was originally designed to meet. Most commonly this is higher engine performance and dynamic handling characteristics but cars may also be altered to provide better fuel economy, or smoother response. Often, tuning is done at the expense of emissions performance, component reliability and occupant comfort.

At its simplest, a tune-up is a type of routine maintenance to keep your car performing correctly. Regular tune-ups can extend the life of a vehicle and help ensure it is operating at its full performance potential. May 23, 2011 The BEST Auto-Tune for VOCALS (All New Plug-ins) - Duration: 15:31. Reid Stefan 252,065 views.

As a culture has grown around modified cars the term tuning has grown to encompass the cosmetic and stylistic changes owners make to personalize their vehicles. These changes are sometimes made so extreme they are actually of detriment to the more traditional aspects of tuning. An example is the recent trend for extremely low cars with exaggerated wheel camber which combine to give low traction and poor handling dynamics.

Car tuning is related to auto racing, although many tuned cars do not compete in any form of sanctioned racing.

Origin[edit]

Since their invention, cars have always been subject to aftermarket modification. Both moderate and radical modification have been commemorated in the popular songs Hot Rod Race and Hot Rod Lincoln. The names of Abarth and Cooper appear on models styled after the cars they modified. With support from Ford, renowned engine manufacturer Cosworth went from modifying EnglishFlathead engines for Lotus Sevens to dominating Formula One racing.

In the 1970s and 1980s, many Japanese performance cars were never exported outside the Japanese domestic market. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, grey import vehicles of Japanese performance cars, such as the Nissan Skyline,^[1]^[1]^[2]^[3] began to be privately imported into Western Europe and North America. In the United States, this was in direct contrast to domestic car production around the same time, where there was a very small performance aftermarket for domestic compact and economy cars; the focus was instead on sports cars or muscle cars such as the Ford Mustang and Chevrolet Corvette.

Because of their light weight and the increasing availability of inexpensive tuning equipment, tuned economy and compact cars exhibit high performance at a low cost in comparison to dedicated sports cars. As professional sporting and racing with such vehicles increased, so did recreational use of these vehicles. Drivers with little or no automotive, mechanical, or racing experience would modify their vehicles to emulate the more impressive versions of racing vehicles, with mixed results.

Areas of modification[edit]

The essence of modification of a tuner car is an attempt at a significant performance increase—or the appearance of high performance—from a stock motor vehicle through the addition, alteration or outright replacement of parts. Although this largely involves modifying the engine and management systems of the vehicle to increase power output, additional changes are often required to allow the vehicle to handle such power, including stiffened suspension, widened tires, better brakes, and improved steering and transmission modifications (such as the installation of a short shifter). Although largely insignificant in terms of appearance, certain modifications such as low-profile tires, altered suspension, and the addition of spoilers can change the overall appearance of the car, as well as adding downforce to increase traction.

Audio[edit]

A stock audio system is one specified by the manufacturer when the vehicle was built in the factory. A custom audio installation can involve anything from the upgrade of the radio to a full customization based around specific audio equipment. Events are held where entrants compete for the loudest, highest-quality audio reception or most innovative sound systems. Some common modifications include higher quality speakers and subwoofers, amplifiers, and better wiring.

Interior[edit]

Race cars competing in various classes must adhere to a strict set of regulations. As in some well-known racing events, like NASCAR and NHRA, sanctioned events often require a minimum vehicle weight. In such cases, the interior is stripped, and the required weight is achieved by adding ballast, allowing precise control over weight distribution. Along with weight requirements, safety requirements are present. Requirements differ for different classes. Roll cages, fire extinguishers, reinforced bucket seats, seat harnesses, and the like are some of the required safety modifications. Roll cages may be difficult to install when the stock interior is present.

Some tuners will have 'gutted' interiors, or omit features that many ordinary drivers would find desirable or necessary, such as audio systems, air conditioning and soundproofing, in order to reduce vehicle weight.

Engine tuning[edit]

Engine tuning is the process of modifying the operating characteristics of an engine. In a typical engine set-up, there are various mechanical and electronic elements such as the intake manifold, spark plugs, and mass air flow. Modern engines employ the use of an engine control unit to provide the best balance between performance and emissions. Via the OBD communications protocol, electronically controlled aspects of the engine can be modified in a process known as mapping. Mapping can either be performed by changing the software within the ECU (chip tuning via firmware modification), or by providing false data via plug-in hardware. Other standalone engine management systems are available; these systems replace the factory computer with one that is user-programmable.

Mechanical components of the engine can also be added or replaced, such as forced induction systems like turbochargers or superchargers.

Improper, incorrect and poorly executed engine modifications can have a detrimental effect on performance and reliability. Mechanical and electrical components can suffer or simply fail as a result. An example would be the use of an air compressor such as a turbocharger to increase the volume of air used in the power stroke of the Otto cycle. In a typical chemical reaction, the air–fuel ratio must be a minimum of 14:1. If higher ratios are used, higher pressures and temperatures are observed in the cylinders, which can quickly push an engine beyond its intended design limits.

Neglecting such operating parameters can lead to premature failures, such as warped cylinder heads and walls, disintegrated piston rings, cracked or bent connecting rods and crankshafts, total cooling system failure, engine fire, engine detonation, engine seizing, and even blowouts. This can all lead to very expensive repairs, as well as being very dangerous.

Suspension tuning[edit]

Suspension tuning involves modifying the springs, shock absorbers, anti-roll bars, and other related components. Shorter springs offer greater stiffness and a lower center of gravity at the possible cost of unwanted changes of suspension geometry. Stiffer shock absorbers improve dynamic weight shifting during cornering and normally have shorter internals to stop them from bottoming out when shorter springs are used. Stiffer sway bars reduce body roll during cornering, thus improving the grip that the tires have on the surface by reducing suspension geometry changes caused by roll; this also improves handling response due to faster weight shifting—similar to stiffer springs.

The danger with overly stiff anti-roll bars is the lifting of the inner wheel, causing a loss of traction. By increasing the roll resistance of one end of the car, weight transfer is concentrated at that end, causing it to slip more than the other. This effect is used to control the over/understeer characteristic as well as to reduce roll. Other components that are sometimes added are strut bars, which improve body stiffness and help better maintain proper suspension geometry during cornering. On some cars, certain braces or anti-roll bars can be retrofitted to base model cars from sports models.

For offroad vehicles, the emphasis is on lengthening the suspension travel and installing larger tires. Larger tires—with or without larger wheels—increase ground clearance, travel over rough terrain more smoothly, provide additional cushioning, and decrease ground pressure (which is important on soft surfaces).

These suspension modifications are in contrast to lowriders, which use hydraulic or pneumatic suspensions. Lowriders use another type of suspension tuning in which the height of each individual wheel can be rapidly adjusted by a system of rams which, in some cases, makes it possible to 'bounce' the wheels completely off of the ground.

Body tuning[edit]

Body tuning involves making modifications to the body of the car in order to alter the aesthetics of the car, improve performance, or both. Body tuning can also involve changing or replacing parts for better aerodynamic performance. Through downforce, cornering speeds and tire adhesion can be improved, often at the expense of increased drag. To lighten the vehicle, bodywork components such as hoods and rearview mirrors may be replaced with lighter-weight components.

A Lamborghini Aventador equipped with a Liberty Walk widebody kit and aftermarket wheels.

Often, body modifications are done mainly to improve a vehicle's appearance, as in the case of non-functioning scoops, wide arches or other aesthetic modification. Aftermarket spoilers or body kits rarely improve a car's performance. The majority, in fact, add weight and increase the drag coefficient of the vehicle, thus reducing its overall performance.

Dating back to the 1940s, chopping and channeling was a popular method of modifying a car's aerodynamics.

Increasing the wheel track width through spacers and wide body kits, or lowering the center of gravity via suspension modifications, can enhance the car's cornering ability. Often, suspension tuners unfamiliar with spring dynamics will cut stock springs, producing a harder, bouncy ride. It is also common to stance a car, lowering it beyond its optimal ride height purely for appearance.

Competition cars may have lightweight windows, or the windows may be completely removed, as auto glass adds significant weight and detrimentally alters weight distribution. Plastic windows are much more vulnerable to scratches, which reduce service life.

Tires[edit]

Tires have large effects on a car's behavior and are replaced periodically; therefore, tire selection is a very cost-effective way to personalize an automobile. Choices include tires for various weather and road conditions, different sizes and various compromises between cost, grip, service life, rolling resistance, handling and ride comfort. Drivers also sometimes personalize tires for aesthetic reasons, for example, by adding tire lettering.

Detuning[edit]

Detuning is the process returning a modified car to its original factory status, or reducing its performance in a particular area of tuning. For example, a car may be 'detuned' to allow increased traction when the track grip is not sufficient to handle the increased power of the tuned engine.

Styles of modification[edit]

Modified cars can be significantly different from their stock counterparts. A common factor among owners/modifiers is to emulate the visual and/or performance characteristics of established styles and design principles. These similarities may be unintentional. Some of the many different styles and visual influences to car modification are:

An example of a Rat rod style car

Rat rod: Style of hot rod and custom cars, imitating the 'unfinished' appearance of some hot rods in the 1940s, 1950s, and 1960s. 'Rat style' also defines a car that is kept on the road despite visible heavy wear.
Euro style: Stanced with one-off paint and small wheels, with shaved features to define car body lines.
Lowrider: Hydraulic or airbag suspension setups, custom paint, pinstriping, custom interior, and, typically, small diameter wire wheels. Others may look like straight restorations, aside from a low stance.
Import or JDM: Japanese-style vehicles, aftermarket parts and race details.
Dub or donk: Characterized by extremely large, ostentatious wheels with low-profile tires, loud speaker setups, and abnormally high ride height.
Slab: Originated in the Houston area since the mid-1980s—usually, a full-size American luxury car is fitted with custom 'elbows', a type of extended wire wheels which protrude out from the fenders, loud speaker setups, and neon signage inside the trunk panel. Other 'slab' modifications include hydraulic-actuated trunk panels (a 'pop trunk'), candy paint, vertical stainless steel trim on the trunk panel (known as 'belt buckles'), aftermarket grille, and the use of a Cadillac front-end sheet metal conversion. The interiors of slabs are usually clad in beige or tan (in what is called a 'peanut butter interior'). Usually associated with Houston hip hop music.
Bōsōzoku: This Japanese motorbike style features additional fairings and exaggerated exhausts.
VIP style: A Japanese style of customizing luxury cars that evolved from Bōsōzoku.
A stanced MK3 Volkswagen Polo with aftermarket air suspension, light blue paint and BBS RM wheels with negative camber.
Stanced: – This style is mostly associated with sports and passenger cars with lowered suspension setups. Custom wheels with low-profile tires play a large role in this style and often feature aggressive sizes, offsets, and camber.
Cal look: A modified classic Volkswagen intended to evoke California through the use of bright colours, trim, and accessories.
Military/service style: Cars designed to look like certain service vehicles.
Hot rod: Style largely consisting of period-specific vehicles, components, and finishes to reproduce characteristics of early drag cars from the 1930s and 1940s.
Custom car: Cars built primarily to show off.
Sleeper: Stock-looking cars with performance upgrades.
A Nissan 350Z modified for drifting.
Rally car: Cars built to compete in rallies.
Drift car: Cars engineered for drifting.
Drag car: Cars modified for straight-line speed and acceleration.
South London look: Subtly modified 50's-70's British Fords that are lowered, with pastel paint and 13 inch Lotus Cortina steel wheels or RS, Minilite, or Revolution mag wheels. These cars often use a tuned Ford Kent or Pinto engine.
German look: A Volkswagen Type 1, Type 3, or Karmann Ghia lowered and fitted with late model Porsche mag wheels and touring car-influenced styling. Heavily modified suspension and drivetrain with emphasis on handling and cornering.

Glossary[edit]

30 roll: A two-car straight-line race, often between tuned cars, starting from a steady 30 mph speed where the two drivers stand side-by-side, before one of them signals the rolling start by honking 3 times. The acceleration test ends at a pre-defined speed, e.g. 60 mph or 80 mph.
Backfire: Combustion of fuel in the intake or exhaust system instead of the combustion chamber, resulting in a distinctive popping sound and occasional flames. For clarity, the term 'afterfire' is sometimes used to refer to ignition within the exhaust, with 'backfire' referring to intake fuel ignition.
BOV (blow-off valve): A valve that releases pressure in turbocharged engines when the throttle is closed, to avoid damage to the intake system and improve reliability. A BOV can vent either to the intake system prior to the turbocharger (this type of BOV is essentially silent and known as 'recirculating'). Other BOVs vent to the atmosphere, resulting in an easily identifiable hissing sound upon release of the throttle.
CAI (cold air intake): A modified replacement intake system, often bypassing the stock airbox, meant to supply the engine with cold air from outside of the car (as opposed to hot air from under the bonnet). On most modern cars, the stock inlet ducts have been developed for peak performance and efficiency using advanced flow simulations, making aftermarket intake performance gain negligible. CAIs are instead mostly associated with their increased induction noise; coupled with an atmosphere-venting BOV on turbocharged cars and a non-resonated and sometimes 'decat' exhaust, such a setup is preferred by owners interested primarily in increasing the noise level of their cars, resulting in modifications with little to no performance benefit.
Catback: The portion of the exhaust system downstream from the catalytic converter.
Custom tune: A tune that has been customized for a particular car, often modified in specific ways that require adjustments to the stock calibration.
Decat: A straight exhaust pipe without a catalytic converter. On some vehicles, decat pipes allow flames to be visible at the exhaust tips upon throttle closure.
Dig: A race beginning from a standing start, e.g. from a traffic light.
Dyno: Slang for dynamometer.
E-tuner: A tuner working remotely to provide custom tunes over the internet, usually after the customer sends data logs of performance tests in the form of pulls (see below).
FENG (fake engine noise generator): Often called a 'syntonizer', a system, either acoustic or electronic, that diffuses engine noise into the cockpit to enhance the driving experience. On some cars, like the 2015-18 Ford Focus RS, the noise is synthesized by a computer and bears no real relation to the noise generated by the engine. On other cars, the noise is conveyed by an acoustic pipe from the engine bay to the cockpit.
FMIC (front-mounted intercooler): The term comes from the Subaru Impreza, which has its intercooler mounted in an unusual location just behind its engine. Beyond a certain threshold of power-increasing modifications, the small and ill-placed intercooler becomes ineffective, and a popular modification to overcome this limitation is to install an aftermarket intercooler in the conventional position behind the front bumper, giving rise to the term FMIC.
Forging: Replacing some of the engine's bottom-end internal elements with forged ones. The most common forged parts include connecting rods and pistons. Stage 3 cars can sometimes include a forged crankshaft. Forged parts are usually lighter and stronger than stock cast parts.
Fully bolted: Used to describe a car which has the maximum range of bolted-on engine upgrades without extensive modifications. These include aftermarket intakes, intercoolers, exhaust pipes, and mufflers.
Hub dyno: A chassis dynamometer with brakes that are connected directly to the driven wheel hubs after the wheels have been removed. They are more accurate than rolling road dynos, as they eliminate one significant source of slippage—the tires. Hub dynos are also more compact, the hub brakes being the size of small washing machines.
Log: A recording of the car or engine operating parameters (e.g. RPM, boost pressure, various temperatures) made when the car is being driven.
Map: A calibration for the engine management system, an electronic system known interchangeably as PCM (Powertrain Control System) or ECU (Engine Control Unit). A map is essentially a data file that gives the PCM the elements it needs to operate the engine according to the standards set by the manufacturer. The data is mostly organized in lookup tables known as 'maps', and the set of tables and other parameters is referred to as a 'map' or 'calibration'.
Methanol injection: A water injection system where a mixture of deionized water and a certain proportion of methanol is injected in the intake air stream as an anti-knock, usually using a dedicated pump and reservoir, and where the unmetered injection is triggered by a pressure switch activated once a certain boost level is reached on forced-induction engines. In some cases, the windscreen washer fluid reservoir is used as a tank for the water injection system (and still functions as usual). Water injection is believed to have appeared shortly before WWII on aero engines; notably, the Rolls-Royce Merlin and the Junkers Jumo 210 engines following the pre-WWII work of Sir Harry Ricardo. The methanol in the mixture injected in aero engines was present strictly as an anti-freeze, as it reduces the effectiveness of water as an anti-knock adjuvant.
OTS (off-the-shelf) map: A readily available tune sold with the accessory used to flash tunes to a car's engine control unit. OTS maps typically offer modest performance improvements and are often used as bases for further modifications.
Pull: A full-throttle RPM sweep in a straight line on a level road or a rolling road dynamometer, usually in 3rd or 4th gear and from low RPMs all the way to the engine rev limiter. Pulls are made to record logs or to measure engine output on a chassis dynamometer.
Resonator: A noise-reduction device that the exhaust pipe usually runs straight through, which dampens sound waves by the means of sound absorption material placed around a perforated tube section. Exhaust systems equipped with resonators are said to be 'resonated', as opposed to 'non-resonated' for those without such devices.
Rolling road: A chassis dynamometer which includes a metered brake that allows torque measurements, as well as speed measurements, which measure the torque and power produced at the wheels. Together with the inferred transmission ratio and a number of corrections related to atmospheric conditions and friction and losses, the software associated with the dyno can produce estimates of the flywheel power and torque figures.
Stage 0: The state of a car with no performance modifications.
Stage 1: The state of a car after simple modification, which can be just a tune, or a tune with simple supporting modifications such as an aftermarket air filter or intake. Stage 1 implies a modest power/torque increase over stock.
Stage 2: The state of a car after another round of modifications. Typically, stage 2 cars are fully bolted with a tune targeting higher torque and power, plus optional forging.
Stage 3: The state of a car with extensive mechanical modifications made to the powertrain, including (but not limited to) a bigger forced induction system, forged internals, retooling of cylinder heads, and fuel system modifications. Sometimes an aftermarket or motorsport ECU calibrated specifically for the car in question will be fitted. The power and torque outputs at this stage are significantly higher than stock, often prompting supporting modifications to the transmission and drivetrain.
Stock map: The OEM engine map.
TMIC (top-mounted intercooler): An intercooler located above or just behind the engine, which benefits from a slight decrease in turbo lag but suffers from a maximum power threshold.
Tune: A modified map, most often aimed at increasing the engine torque and power output. A tune is 'flashed' to the PCM or ECU either by the tune vendor or the end-user itself, often using a stand-alone accessory connected to the car's OBDII connector or through a portable computer. A tune typically voids the powertrain warranty unless sanctioned by the car manufacturer (which is a rare occurrence). Typical changes include ignition timing, fuel flow, wastegate control for turbo engines, and modified limits such as those for RPM and boost.
Tuner: An individual or company creating tunes, usually for profit, and often selling supporting elements such as intakes and exhausts.
Turboback: The entire exhaust system downstream from the turbocharger turbine, composed of the downpipe (including the catalytic converter) and the catback portion.
Turbo lag: The delay between the initial throttle opening and the moment the turbocharger has spooled up sufficiently to deliver significant boost pressure and the associated torque and power increase. On stock modern turbos, lag is usually below one second, while some large aftermarket turbos exhibit lags of two seconds or more.

Legal requirements[edit]

Many countries or municipalities have legal requirements which govern vehicle modifications. For example, all vehicles in Victoria, Australia, must conform to construction standards to ensure vehicle safety.^[4] There are also restrictions for P Plate drivers which can prevent young drivers from driving modified vehicles.^[5]

Many developed countries have smog regulations, which generally forbid any modifications to engines or related components unless the modifications themselves are certified, like production car models. Such modifications, even if they do not actually result in increased emissions, prevent legal use on public roads.^[6]

Sanctioning organizations[edit]

Many organizations involved in competitive motorsports establish safety guidelines that far exceed legal requirements placed on street-legal vehicles. The NHRA, IHRA and SOLO all require that vehicles pass inspection to ensure that all regulations are being complied with.

References[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Customized vehicles.

^ ^a^bChang, Richard (Summer 2008), 'Access Denied', 0-60 Magazine
^LeftlaneNews R32, R34 Nissan Skyline imports halted
^LASD Inmate Information Center - Booking DetailsArchived December 16, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
^Vehicle Standards Information BulletinsArchived September 13, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
^High Powered Vehicle RestrictionsArchived September 14, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
^an old issue of Hotrod Magazine

Retrieved from 'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Car_tuning&oldid=951623509'

Vintage engine testing equipment that can test ignition timing, ignition dwell, manifold vacuum and exhaust emissions

Engine tuning is the adjustment or modification of the internal combustion engine or Engine Control Unit (ECU) to yield optimal performance and increase the engine's power output, economy, or durability. These goals may be mutually exclusive; an engine may be de-tuned with respect to output power in exchange for better economy or longer engine life due to lessened stress on engine components.

Tuning can include a wide variety of adjustments and modifications, such as the routine adjustment of the carburetor and ignition system to significant engine overhauls. Performance tuning of an engine can involve revising some of the design decisions taken during the development of the engine.

Setting the idle speed, air-fuel ratio, carburetor balance, spark plug and distributor point gaps, and ignition timing were regular maintenance tasks for older engines and are the final but essential steps in setting up a racing engine.^{[clarification needed]} On modern engines equipped with electronic ignition and fuel injection, some or all of these tasks are automated but they still require periodic calibration.

Engine tune-up[edit]

The term 'tune-up' usually denotes the routine servicing of the engine to meet the manufacturer's specifications. Tune-ups are needed periodically according to the manufacturer's recommendations to ensure the vehicle runs as expected. Modern automobile engines typically require a small number of tune-ups over the course of an approximate 250,000-kilometre (160,000 mi) or a 10-year, lifespan. This can be attributed to improvements in the production process in which imperfections and errors reduced by computer automation, and significant improvement in the quality of consumables such as the availability of synthetic engine oil.

Tune-ups may include the following:

Adjustment of the carburetor idle speed and the air-fuel mixture,
Inspection and possible replacement of ignition system components like spark plugs, contact breaker points, distributor cap and distributor rotor,
Replacement of the air filter and other filters,
Inspection of emission controls,
Valvetrain adjustment.

The term 'Italian tuneup' denotes the driving of a performance car, such as a Ferrari, by mechanics finishing the tune-up to burn out any built-up carbon.

Chip tuning[edit]

Modern engines are equipped with an engine management system (EMS)/Engine Control Unit (ECU) that can be adjusted to different settings, producing different performance levels. Manufacturers often produce a few engines that are used in a wider range of models and platforms. This allows the manufacturers to sell automobiles in various markets with different regulations without having to spend money developing and designing different engines to fit these regulations. This also allows a single engine tuned to suit the particular buyer's market to be used by several brands.

Remapping[edit]

Remapping is the simplest form of stage one engine tuning; it is performed mostly on turbocharged vehicles containing a modern Engine Control Unit (ECU). Almost all modern vehicles have an ECU, primarily supplied by Bosch or Delphi Technologies. The ECU has firmware that controls the various parameters under which the engine runs. These parameters include achieving the appropriate balance between fuel consumption, power, torque, fuel emissions, reliability and service intervals. Many factory firmware fail to utilise the full potential of the engine, and as such leave the end-user with an under-tuned engine.

Many manufacturers build one engine and use several firmware versions, known as maps, to achieve different power levels to differentiate vehicles that essentially have an identical engine. This gives users an opportunity to unlock more potential from the engine with a few changes to the factory software by reading and editing the factory firmware from the ECU using specialist tools plugged into the on-board diagnostics (OBD) port. The tools can be connected to the OBD port on any car to read the factory file that is saved on the ECU. Software to read specific types of factory files is available.

Parameters of factory files such as fuel injection, boost pressure, rail pressure, fuel pump pressure and ignition timing, are adjusted to safe limits that are set by an expert so the unlocked performance does not compromise the car's safe levels of reliability, fuel consumption and emissions. The map may be customized for city use, for on-track performance, or for an overall map giving power throughout the band in a linear manner. Once adjusted, the edited file is written back to the ECU with the same tools used for the initial reading, after which the engine is tested for performance, smoke levels, and any problems. Fine-tuning is done according to the feedback, producing a better-performing and more efficient engine.

Remapping may increase the temperature of exhaust fumes.

Performance tuning[edit]

Performance tuning is the tuning of an engine for motorsports. Many such automobiles never compete but are built for show or leisure driving. In this context, the power output, torque, and responsiveness of the engine are of premium importance, but reliability and fuel efficiency are also relevant. In races, the engine must be strong enough to withstand the additional stress placed upon it and the automobile must carry sufficient fuel, so it is often far stronger and has higher performance than the mass-produced design on which it may be based. The transmission, driveshaft and other load-transmitting powertrain components may need to be modified to withstand the load from the increased power.

Some people are interested in increasing the power output of an engine. Many techniques have been devised to achieve this, all of which operate to increase the rate and sometimes the efficiency, of combustion in the engine. This is achieved by putting more air-fuel mixture into the engine, increasing the compression ratio that requires higher octane gasoline, burning it more rapidly, and removing the waste products more rapidly to increases volumetric efficiency. Air fuel ratio meters are often used to check the amount of the air/fuel mixture. The weight of this fuel will affect the performance of the car so fuel economy is a competitive advantage. The performance-tuning of the engine should take place in the context of the development of the vehicle.

Ways to increase power include:

Increasing the engine displacement by one or both of two methods: 'boring' - increasing the diameter of the cylinders and pistons, or by 'stroking' - using a crankshaft with a greater throw.
Using larger or multiple carburetors to create a more controllable air/fuel mixture to burn and to get it into the engine more smoothly. Fuel injection is more often used in modern engines, and may be modified in a similar manner.
Increasing the size of the poppet valves in the engine, thus decreasing the restriction in the path of the fuel–air mixture entering the cylinder and the exhaust gases leaving it. Using multiple valves per cylinder results in the same effect, though it is often more difficult to fit several small valves than to have larger, single valves due to the valve gear required. It can also be difficult to find space for one large valve in the inlet and a large valve on the outlet side, and sometimes a large exhaust valve and two smaller inlet valves are fitted.
Using larger bored, smoother, less-contorted inlet manifold and exhaust manifolds helps maintain the velocity of gases. The ports in the cylinder head can be enlarged and smoothed to match. This is termed cylinder head porting. Manifolds with sharp turns force the air–fuel mix to separate at high velocities because fuel is denser than air.
The larger bore may extend through the exhaust system using large-diameter piping and low back pressuremufflers, and through the intake system with larger diameter airboxes and high-flow, high-efficiency air filters. Muffler modifications will change the sound of the engine, usually making it louder.
Increasing the valve opening height (lift) by changing the profiles of the cams on the camshaft or the lever (lift) ratio of the valve rockers in overhead valve (OHV() engines, or cam followers in overhead cam (OHC) engines.
Optimizing the valve timing to improve burning efficiency; this usually increases power at one range of operating RPM at the expense of reducing it at others. This can usually be achieved by fitting a differently profiled camshaft.
Raising the compression ratio by reducing the size of the combustion chamber, which makes more efficient use of the cylinder pressure developed and leading to more rapid burning of fuel by using larger compression height pistons or thinner head gaskets or by using a milling machine to 'shave' the cylinder head. High compression ratios can cause engine knock unless high-octane fuels are used.
Forced Induction; adding a turbocharger or a supercharger. The air/fuel mix entering the cylinders is increased by compressing the air. Further gains may be realized by cooling the compressed intake air (compressing air makes it hotter) with an air-to-air or air-to-water intercooler.
Using a fuel with higher energy content and by adding an oxidizer such as nitrous oxide.
Using a fuel with better knock suppression characteristics (race fuel, E85, methanol, alcohol) to increase timing advance.
Reducing losses to friction by machining moving parts to lower tolerances than would be acceptable for production, or by replacing parts. This is done In overhead valve engines by replacing the production rocker arms with replacements incorporating roller bearings in the roller contacting the valve stem.
Reducing the rotating mass comprised by the crankshaft, connecting rods, pistons, and flywheel to improve throttle response due to lower rotational inertia and reduce the vehicle's weight by using parts made from alloy instead of steel.
Changing the tuning characteristics electronically, by changing the firmware of the EMS. This chip tuning often works because modern engines are designed to produce more power than required, which is then reduced by the EMS to make the engine operate smoothly over a wider RPM range, with low emissions. This is called de-tuning and produces long-lasting engines and the ability to increase power output later for facelift models. Recently emissions have played a large part in de-tuning, and engines will often be de-tuned to produce a particular carbon output for tax reasons.
Lowering the underbonnet temperature to lower the engine intake temperature, thus increasing the power. This is often done by installing thermal insulation – normally a heatshield, thermal barrier coating or other type of exhaust heat management – on or around the exhaust manifold. This ensures more heat is diverted from the under-bonnet area.
Changing the location of the air intake, moving it away from the exhaust and radiator systems to decrease intake temperatures. The intake can be relocated to areas that have higher air pressure due to aerodynamic effects, resulting in effects similar to forced induction.

The choice of modification depends on the degree of performance enhancement desired, budget, and the characteristics of the engine to be modified. Intake, exhaust, and chip upgrades are usually among the first modifications made because they are the cheapest and make reasonably general improvements. A change of camshaft, for instance, requires a compromise between smoothness at low engine speeds and improvements at high engine speeds.

Definitions[edit]

Overhaul[edit]

An overhauled engine is one that has been removed, disassembled, cleaned, inspected, repaired as necessary and tested using factory service manual approved procedures. The procedure generally involves honing, new piston rings, bearings, gaskets and oil seals. The engine may be overhauled to 'new limits' or 'service limits', or a combination of the two using used parts, new original equipment manufacturer (OEM) parts, or new aftermarket parts. The engine's previous operating history is maintained and it is returned with zero hours since major overhaul.

Aftermarket part manufacturers are often the OEM part-suppliers to major engine manufacturers.^[1]

A 'top overhaul' is composed of the replacement of components inside the cylinder head without removing the engine from the vehicle, such as valve and rocker arm replacement. It may include a 'valve job'. A 'major overhaul' is composed of the whole engine assembly, which requires the engine to be removed from the vehicle and transferred to an engine stand. A major overhaul costs more than a top overhaul.

'New limits' are the factory service manual's approved fits and tolerances to which a new engine is manufactured. This may be accomplished by using 'standard' or approved 'undersized' and 'oversized' tolerances. 'Service limits' are the factory service manual's allowable wear fits and tolerances that a new-limits part may deteriorate to and still be a usable component. This may also be accomplished using 'standard' and approved 'undersized' and 'oversized' tolerances.^[1]^[2]

Remanufactured[edit]

Remanufacturing means an engine assembled to match factory specifications. A buyer may sometimes take this to mean all-new parts are used, this is not always the case. At least the cylinder block will be used. High-quality rebuilds will often include the fitting of new pistons and the line-boring of the crankshaft and camshaft bores. Remanufactured engines are engines that have been damaged, they are sent to machine shops to be remanufactured to the manufacturers specifications.^[3] Remanufactured engines are often known as Reman engines.

Blueprinting[edit]

Blueprinting an engine means to build it to exact design specifications, limits and tolerances created by its OEM engineers or other users, such as high-performance racing or heavy duty industrial equipment.

Because few have the capability to actually blueprint, and because of the monetary incentive of claiming one has performed the work, many people have come to believe blueprinting only means that all the specifications are double-checked. Serious efforts at blueprinting result in better-than-factory tolerances, possibly with custom specifications appropriate for the application. Common goals include engine re-manufacturing to achieve the rated power for its manufacturer's design and rebuilding the engine to make it more power from a given design than otherwise intended. Blueprinted components allow for a more exact balancing of reciprocating parts and rotating assemblies so less power is lost through excessive engine vibrations and other mechanical inefficiencies.

Ideally, blueprinting is performed on components removed from the production line before normal balancing and finishing. If finished components are blueprinted, there is the risk that the further removal of material will weaken them. Reducing the weight of components is generally an advantage provided balance and adequate strength are both maintained, and more-precise machining will generally strengthen a part by removing stress points. In many cases performance tuners are able to work with finished components.

History[edit]

'Igniscope' ignition tester, with display tube and outer case missing.

Engine tuning originated with the development of early racing cars and the post-war hot-rod movement.

What Does Autotune Do

Tools[edit]

The 'Igniscope' electronic ignition tester was produced by English Electric during the 1940s, originally as 'type UED' for military use during World War II.^[4] The post-war version, the 'type ZWA' electronic ignition tester, was advertised as 'the first of its kind, employing an entirely new technique'.^[5]