The letter-spacing CSS property sets the spacing behavior between text characters. The source for this interactive example is stored in a GitHub repository. If you'd like to contribute to the interactive examples project, please clone and send us a pull request. Apr 18, 2018  Ive got an oldddd laptop sitting around, running Windows XP. It doesn't have much life left, so I figured I'd turn it into a programming machine since id like to get back into programming. However, I've encountered a rather annoying little problem. The best way I can describe it is font spacing between letters is not uniform.

Creating cleanly formatted output is a common programming requirement--itimproves your user interface and makes it easier to read any debuggingmessages that you might print to the screen. In C, formatted output works viathe printf statement, but in C++, you can create nicely formatted output tostreams such as cout. This tutorial covers a set of basic I/O manipulationspossible in C++ from the iomanip header file. Note that all of the functionsin the iomanip header are inside the std namespace, soyou will need to either prefix your calls with 'std::' or put 'using namespacestd;' before using the functions.

Dealing with Spacing Issues using iomanip

A principle aspect of nicely formatted output is that the spacing looks right.There aren't columns of text that are too long or too short, and everything isappropriately aligned. This section deals with ways of spacing outputcorrectly.

Setting the field width with setw

The std::setw function allows you to set the minimum width of the next outputvia the insertion operator. setw takes, one argument, the width of the nextoutput (insertion), an integer. if the next output is too short, then spaceswill be used for padding. There is no effect if the output is longer than thewidth--note that the output won't be truncated. The only strange thing aboutsetw is that its return value must be inserted into the stream. The setwfunction has no effect if it is called without reference to a stream.A simple example isThe output from the above would look like this:Note that since setw takes an argument, at runtime it would be possible tospecify the width of a column of output so that it is slightly wider than thelongest element of the column.
You might wonder whether it is possible to change the padding character. Itturns out that yes, you can, by using the setfill function, which takes acharacter to use for the padding. Note that setfill should also be used as astream manipulator only, so it must be inserted into the stream:The above code sets the padding character to a dash, the width of the nextoutput to be at least 80 characters, and then outputs a dash. This results inthe rest of the line being filled with dashes too. The output would look likethis:Note that the pad character is changed until the next time you call setfill tochange it again.

Aligning text with iomanip

It's possible to specify whether output is left or right aligned by using themanipulator flags that are part of ios_bas. In particular, it is possible tospecify that output should be either left or right aligned by passing inthe stream manipulators std::left and std::right.

Putting Your Knowledge of iomanip Together

Now that we know how to space and align text, we can correctly print formatteddata in columns. For instance, if you had a struct containing the names ofindividuals:If you then had a vector of persons, then you could output them in a nice waywith evenly spaced columns for the first and last name as follows:Note that the space output between the two fields wasn't strictly necessarybecause we could have added it by changing the first call to setw to set thewidth to one more than the longest first name (since it would use a space asthe padding for the extra character).

Printing Numbers

Another challenge in creating nice output is correctly formatting numbers; forinstance, when printing out a hexadecimal value, it would be nice if it werepreceded by the '0x' prefix. More generally, it's nice to correctly set thenumber of trailing zeros after a decimal place.

Setting the precision of numerical output with setprecision

The setprecision function can be used to set the maximum number of digits thatare displayed for a number. Like setw, it should be inserted into the stream.In fact, its usage is very similar to setw in all respects. For instance, toprint the number 2.71828 to 3 decimal places:Note that setprecision will change the precision until the next time it ispassed into a given stream. So changing the above example to also print out1.412 would result in the output of

Output in different bases

In computer science, frequently numbers need to be printed in octal orhexadecimal. The setbase function returns a value that can be passed into astream to set the base of numbers to either base 8, 10, or 16. The inputnumber is still read as a number in base ten, but it is printed in the givenbase. For instance, will print out '20', which is 32 written in base 16. Note that you can usedec, oct, and hex as shorthand for setbase(10), setbase(8), and setbase(16)respectively when inserting into a stream. If you wish to include an indication of the base along with the printednumber, you can use the setiosflags function, again passed into a stream, withan input of ios_base::showbase.Using the ios_base::showbase flag will append a '0x' in front of hexadecimalnumbers and a 0 in front of octal numbers. Decimal numbers will be printed asnormal.This should get you started with the ability to create nicely formatted outputin C++ without having to resort to returning to printf!
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Learn to interpret and use sophisticated printf format strings-->

The C++ expression parser supports all forms of C++ expression syntax. The syntax includes all data types (including pointers, floating-point numbers, and arrays) and all C++ unary and binary operators.

Numbers in C++ Expressions

Numbers in C++ expressions are interpreted as decimal numbers, unless you specify them in another manner. To specify a hexadecimal integer, add 0x before the number. To specify an octal integer, add 0 (zero) before the number.

The default debugger radix does not affect how you enter C++ expressions. You cannot directly enter a binary number (except by nesting a MASM expression within the C++ expression).

You can enter a hexadecimal 64-bit value in the xxxxxxxx`xxxxxxxx format. (You can also omit the grave accent ( ` ).) Both formats produce the same value.

You can use the L, U, and I64 suffixes with integer values. The actual size of the number that is created depends on the suffix and the number that you enter. For more information about this interpretation, see a C++ language reference.

The output of the C++ expression evaluator keeps the data type that the C++ expression rules specify. However, if you use this expression as an argument for a command, a cast is always made. For example, you do not have to cast integer values to pointers when they are used as addresses in command arguments. If the expression's value cannot be validly cast to an integer or a pointer, a syntax error occurs.

You can use the 0n (decimal) prefix for some output, but you cannot use it for C++ expression input.

Characters and Strings in C++ Expressions

You can enter a character by surrounding it with single quotation marks ( ' ). The standard C++ escape characters are permitted.

You can enter string literals by surrounding them with double quotation marks ( ' ). You can use ' as an escape sequence within such a string. However, strings have no meaning to the expression evaluator.

Symbols in C++ Expressions

In a C++ expression, each symbol is interpreted according to its type. Depending on what the symbol refers to, it might be interpreted as an integer, a data structure, a function pointer, or any other data type. If you use a symbol that does not correspond to a C++ data type (such as an unmodified module name) within a C++ expression, a syntax error occurs.

If the symbol might be ambiguous, you can add a module name and an exclamation point ( ! ) or only an exclamation point before the symbol. For more information about symbol recognition, see Symbol Syntax and Symbol Matching.

Dev C++ Space Between Letters N

You can use a grave accent ( ` ) or an apostrophe ( ' ) in a symbol name only if you add a module name and exclamation point before the symbol name.

When you add the < and > delimiters after a template name, you can add spaces between these delimiters.

Operators in C++ Expressions

You can always use parentheses to override precedence rules.

If you enclose part of a C++ expression in parentheses and add two at signs (@@) before the expression, the expression is interpreted according to MASM expression rules. You cannot add a space between the two at signs and the opening parenthesis. The final value of this expression is passed to the C++ expression evaluator as a ULONG64 value. You can also specify the expression evaluator by using @@c++( ... ) or @@masm( ... ).

Data types are indicated as usual in the C++ language. The symbols that indicate arrays ( [ ] ), pointer members ( -> ), UDT members ( . ), and members of classes ( :: ) are all recognized. All arithmetic operators are supported, including assignment and side-effect operators. However, you cannot use the new, delete, and throw operators, and you cannot actually call a function.

Pointer arithmetic is supported and offsets are scaled correctly. Note that you cannot add an offset to a function pointer. (If you have to add an offset to a function pointer, cast the offset to a character pointer first.)

As in C++, if you use operators with invalid data types, a syntax error occurs. The debugger's C++ expression parser uses slightly more relaxed rules than most C++ compilers, but all major rules are enforced. For example, you cannot shift a non-integer value.

You can use the following operators. The operators in each cell take precedence over those in lower cells. Operators in the same cell are of the same precedence and are parsed from left to right. As with C++, expression evaluation ends when its value is known. This ending enables you to effectively use expressions such as ?? myPtr && *myPtr.

Dev C Space Between Letters 2

Operator	Meaning
Expression//Comment	Ignore all subsequent text
Class::Member Class::~Member ::Name	Member of class Member of class (destructor) Global
Structure.Field Pointer->Field Name[integer] LValue++ LValue-- dynamic_cast <type>(Value) static_cast <type>(Value) reinterpret_cast <type>(Value) const_cast <type>(Value)	Field in a structure Field in referenced structure Array subscript Increment (after evaluation) Decrement (after evaluation) Typecast (always performed) Typecast (always performed) Typecast (always performed) Typecast (always performed)
(type)Value sizeofvalue sizeof(type) ++LValue --LValue ~Value !Value Value +Value &LValue Value	Typecast (always performed) Size of expression Size of data type Increment (before evaluation) Decrement (before evaluation) Bit complement Not (Boolean) Unary minus Unary plus Address of data type Dereference
Structure. Pointer Pointer-> *Pointer	Pointer to member of structure Pointer to member of referenced structure
ValueValue Value/Value Value%Value	Multiplication Division Modulus
Value+Value Value-Value	Addition Subtraction
Value<<Value Value>>Value	Bitwise shift left Bitwise shift right
Value<Value Value<=Value Value>Value Value>=Value	Less than (comparison) Less than or equal (comparison) Greater than (comparison) Greater than or equal (comparison)
ValueValue Value!=Value	Equal (comparison) Not equal (comparison)
Value&Value	Bitwise AND
Value^Value	Bitwise XOR (exclusive OR)
Value|Value	Bitwise OR
Value&&Value	Logical AND
Value||Value	Logical OR
LValue=Value LValue*=Value LValue/=Value LValue%=Value LValue+=Value LValue-=Value LValue<<=Value LValue>>=Value LValue&=Value LValue|=Value LValue^=Value	Assign Multiply and assign Divide and assign Modulo and assign Add and assign Subtract and assign Shift left and assign Shift right and assign AND and assign OR and assign XOR and assign
Value?Value:Value	Conditional evaluation
Value,Value	Evaluate all values, and then discard all except the rightmost value

Registers and Pseudo-Registers in C++ Expressions

You can use registers and pseudo-registers within C++ expressions. You must add an at sign ( @ ) before the register or pseudo-register.

The expression evaluator automatically performs the proper cast. Actual registers and integer-value pseudo-registers are cast to ULONG64. All addresses are cast to PUCHAR, $thread is cast to ETHREAD*, $proc is cast to EPROCESS*, $teb is cast to TEB*, and $peb is cast to PEB*.

You cannot change a register or pseudo-register by an assignment or side-effect operator. You must use the r (Registers) command to change these values.

Dev C++ Space Between Letters Pdf

For more information about registers and pseudo-registers, see Register Syntax and Pseudo-Register Syntax.

Macros in C++ Expressions

You can use macros within C++ expressions. You must add a number sign (#) before the macros.

You can use the following macros. These macros have the same definitions as the Microsoft Windows macros with the same name. (The Windows macros are defined in Winnt.h.)

Macro	Return Value
#CONTAINING_RECORD(Address, Type, Field)	Returns the base address of an instance of a structure, given the type of the structure and the address of a field within the structure.
#FIELD_OFFSET(Type, Field)	Returns the byte offset of a named field in a known structure type.
#RTL_CONTAINS_FIELD (Struct, Size, Field)	Indicates whether the given byte size includes the desired field.
#RTL_FIELD_SIZE(Type, Field)	Returns the size of a field in a structure of known type, without requiring the type of the field.
#RTL_NUMBER_OF(Array)	Returns the number of elements in a statically sized array.
#RTL_SIZEOF_THROUGH_FIELD(Type, Field)	Returns the size of a structure of known type, up through and including a specified field.